2023年年會論文 -串流影音時代的公共媒體價值評量體系之初探
篇名
串流影音時代的公共媒體價值評量體系之初探
作者
林玉鵬、李羏
中文摘要

 Netflix 於 2016 年落地台灣,同年台灣出現「OTT 元年」的關鍵字,媒體生態則出現有線電視訂戶數削減的趨勢。時至 2021 年,文化內容策進院(以下簡稱文策院)指出台灣每人每年付費訂閱的串流影音平台平均為 1.19 個,OTT 整體使用率雖提升但未明顯壓縮電視與社群網路平台使用率,OTT 在民眾閱聽行為中所扮演的角色並非是取代傳統電視,而是更傾向讓影視收看管道豐富且多元化。至 2021 年底,台灣民眾近一年使用者有使用的 OTT 品牌共有十一家,Netflix 仍為市佔率最高之 OTT 平台(文化內容策進院,2022)。 然而,在面對競爭激烈的 OTT 市場,台灣公共電視於 2016 年成立自己的專屬串流平台《公視+7》,主要配合當日主頻道的排播,並可回看 7 天的服務。次年再升級為《公視+》,不限 7 天收看的期限,也提供過去播出的節目,少部份戲劇節目為付費節目,就內容的充實度而言,算是已具備初步雛形的 OTT 平台。成立至今,受限於現有資源,整體發展仍有其不足之處,知名度和使用率也不及於主流商業 OTT 平台,但仍提供了另一種觀看公共媒體的方式。2022 年底,公視宣布自 2023 年起,進行多項數位轉型計畫,包括成立「數位內容部」,以及期許能在未來將自有串流媒體平台《公視+》打造成「國人最常使用的 OTT 平台」(劉艾波,2023)。此項宣示也意謂著《公視+》將大幅度改版和調整,開始應用主流 OTT 所仰賴的演算法和數據應用等新科技,以做為節目編排和閱聽眾調查的依據。這些新科技的應用,對於公共媒體而言,勢必得面對新的難題‐‐‐ 閱聽眾的數據資料和演算法如何為公共使用?一般主流 OTT 最為強調的個人化體驗, 在公共媒體的脈絡下,如何轉化為擴大公共服務的基礎? 不少學者提及公共媒體面對這類新科技的使用,更需要的是公共價值的考量,例如發展「公共服務」的演算法,可以兼容普及性和公共服務責任 (Van Den Bulck  and Moe,  2018),再者,另也有學者指出,在發展公共媒體串流平台的策略上,可採取「混合式」的策略,同時運用演算法科技和人工編輯,如此可以平衡演算法可能帶來的偏差;至於觀眾數據的使用,也希望能轉化為閱聽眾對公共媒體的興趣,同時能做為改進公共媒體的依據(Martin, 2021)。若從實務面向的觀點,台灣公共電視目前在串流媒體的營運上,尚未使用演算法和大數據等科技,仍是倚重人工編輯和策展,以主題式和內容串連的方式,帶出其公共性和普及價值。 從學術面和目前實際應用的面向,雖然對於「公共服務/價值」的演算法或數據應用具有共識,但究竟如何達成,是否有實際的指標?仍較欠缺具體的討論和研究。本研究即從公共媒體的公共價值為出發點,探討在串流媒體時代下,公共媒體對於相關科技的運用,指標和評量方式為何?在營運方式上是否有受其影響? 本研究以台灣公共電視的《公視+》和加拿大公共媒體  Canadian  Broadcasting  Corporation(以下簡稱 CBC)的 CBC GEM 為研究案例,研究其營運模式,和評量串流媒體如何符合公共性的指標評量。如前所言,台灣公共電視成立串流媒體因應閱聽眾(以年輕為主)收視習慣改變,以及整體媒體市場的改變。而 CBC 於 2018 年推出其英語系串流影音平台 CBC GEM,其成立目的有二:(1)使用者的習 慣:觀中的媒體使用行為已逐步轉移到串流媒體,因此 CBC 亦須服膺此一媒體趨勢。(2)產業政策:跨國內容供應商,開始打造自己的串流媒體並供應各類原創內 容(李羏,2019)。兩者成立時間和目的皆類似相同,也同樣面臨了原創內容生 產和跨國影音平台競爭的問題。透過公視+和 CBC GEM 的案例研究,分析兩者的營運策略,以及在競爭激烈的 OTT 市場,如何維持公共媒體的公共價值。本研究採用文獻分析法、訪談法和參與觀察法為主要研究方法,文獻分析法主要分析相關官方文件和新聞,訪談法以加拿大公共電視組織內部相關人員為主,包括台灣公共電視數位內容部門與資訊部,以及參與加拿大 CBC GEM 運營的工作人員。 最後則是透過參與觀察法,觀察台灣公共電視串流影音平台公視+的運作方式, 透過上述多重的研究方法,理解公共媒體如何在其自己成立的串流媒體,實踐公 共價值。本研究希冀能具體化公共媒體串流媒體的公共價值指標,以同時提供學術和實務上的貢獻。

英文摘要

 Netflix launched its video‐streaming service in Taiwan in 2016. 2016 has been referred to as the “OTT First Year” as numerous local and international OTT(Over‐the‐top)players have entered the market, while the media ecosystem saw a trend of cable TV subscriber reduction. By 2021, according to the survey conducted by Taiwan Creative Content Agency(TAICCA), the average number of streaming video and audio platforms that each person in Taiwan pays for each year is 1.19. Although the overall usage rate of OTT has increased, it has not significantly reduced the usage rate of TV and social network platforms, and the role of OTT in people's viewing behavior is not to replace traditional TV, but rather to enrich and diversify the channels for viewing video and audio. By the end of 2021, there will be 11 OTT brands used by Taiwanese people in the past year, and Netflix will still be the OTT platform with the highest market share (TAICCA, 2022). 

However, in the face of fierce competition in the OTT market, Public Television Service (PTS)launched  its  own  video‐streaming  platform,  PTS+7,  in  2016,  which  mainly matches the scheduling of the main channel of the day and allows for a 7‐day rewatch service.  The  following  year,  the  platform  was  upgraded  to  PTS+,  which  provides unlimited viewing period and past broadcast programs, with a few drama programs as paid programs. At the end of 2022, PTS announced a number of digital transformation 
plans starting in 2023, including the organizational restricting and the expectation that its own streaming media platform, PTS+, will be developed into a "the most popular video‐streaming platform for Taiwanese" in the future(Liu, 2023). This announcement also means that PTS+ will be significantly revamped and adjusted to start applying new technologies such as algorithms and data applications that mainstream OTTs rely on for  program  scheduling  and  audience  surveys.  With  the  application  of  these  new 
technologies, public media will have to face a new challenge ‐ how to use audience data and algorithms for public use? How can the personalized experience that is most emphasized  in  mainstream  OTT  be  transformed  into  a  basis  for  expanding  public services in the context of public media? 
Some  Scholars  argues  that  the  development  of  "public  service"  algorithms  can  be compatible with universality and public service responsibility(Bulck and Moe, 2018). As for the use of audience data, it is also hoped that it can be translated into audience interest in public media and used as a basis for improving public media(Erik, 2021). From a practical point of view, Taiwan's public television has not yet used algorithms and big data in its streaming media operations, but still relies on manual editing and curation to bring out its public and popular value in a thematic and content‐linked way. 
Although  there  is  a  consensus  on  the  application  of  algorithms  or  data  for  "public service/value" from the academic side and the current practical application side, how to achieve it and whether there are actual indicators? There is still a lack of specific discussion and research. In this study, we take the public value of public media as the starting point, and explore what are the indicators and measurement methods for the use of related technologies in public media in the era of streaming media. Is there any influence on the way of operation? 
This  study  uses  Taiwan  Public  Television's  PTS+  and  Canadian  Broadcasting Corporation's(CBC)CBC GEM as case studies to examine their operational models and to evaluate how streaming media meets the metrics of publicness. As mentioned earlier, public television in Taiwan has established streaming media in response to the changing viewing habits of its audience(mainly young people)  and the changes in the overall media market. CBC launched its English‐language streaming platform, CBC 
GEM,  in  2018  with  two  objectives:  (1)  User  habits:  The  media  usage  behavior  of viewers has gradually shifted to streaming media, so CBC has to respond to this media trend. (2) Industry policy: multinational content providers began to create their own streaming media and provide a variety of original content(Lee, 2019). Both were founded  at  a  similar  time  and  with  similar  objectives,  and  are  facing  the  same problems  of  original  content  production  and  competition  from  multinational  AV 
platforms.  Through  the  case  studies  of  PTS+  and  CBC  GEM,  we  analyze  their operational  strategies and  how  to maintain  the  public value  of public media in  the highly  competitive  OTT  market.  This  study  uses  documentary  analysis,  interview method,  and  participant  observation  method  as  the  main  research  methods.  The documentary analysis method mainly analyzes relevant official documents and news, while  the interview method  focuses on  the  relevant personnel within  the Canadian public  television  organization,  including  the  digital  content  department  and information department of Taiwan's public television, as well as the staff involved in the operation of Canada's CBC GEM. Finally, the participant observation method was used to observe the operation of Taiwan's public television streaming platform, PTS+. Through  the  above‐mentioned  multiple  research  methods,  the  study  aims  to understand  how  the  public  media  practice  public  values  in  their  own  established 
streaming media. This study hopes to concretize the public value indicators of public media streaming media in order to provide both academic and practical contributions.
中文關鍵詞
公共電視、OTT、CBC GEM、公視+、公共價值
英文關鍵詞
public service television、OTT、CBC GEM、PTS+、public value
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