中文摘要
經過40多年的發展,中國電視從報紙、廣播、電視三大媒體中排行老三的位置躍居榜首,中國電視開始擺\脫對報刊、廣播的依附而真正走上了一條屬於自己的路。在電視傳播的大家庭中,主持人傳播頗具魅力,它不僅借助節目主持人這一深受廣大受眾所喜愛的傳播方式大大縮短了大眾傳播媒介與受眾間的距離,使電視傳播的發展趨於成熟,而且營造了一種虛擬的人際傳播氛圍,在人際傳播與大眾傳播之間找到了一個新支點,使電視傳播有了更加鮮明的人格化和物件化特徵,大大增強了電視傳播的傳播效果。
主持人傳播,顧名思義,就是主持人和傳播的複合體,是負載在主持人之上的新聞傳播。它是指電視節目主持人以個人身份面對觀眾,針對現實生活中典型的新聞事件和群眾普遍關心的社會問題,直接闡明主持人(隱含編輯部)的立場和態度,反映輿論和引導輿論,從而影響聽眾、觀眾思想行為的一種傳播節目形態。這種由主持人直接與觀眾進行面對面交流的傳播形態大致可以分為兩種形式,一種是三言兩語式的主持人點評,即主持人在主持節目或在現場直播時對新聞事實或社會現象所做的簡短議論,另一種則是獨立城篇的傳播形式,即脫口秀節目。它在電視節目中或佔有獨立的時段,或辟有專門的欄目、子欄目。主持人傳播以其人格化、物件化、個性化、全息化等不同于傳統新聞傳播的特徵被受眾所接受,在輿論監督和輿論引導等方面日益顯示出積極的社會效果。
在某種意義上,主持人傳播是一種全息化傳播,它有效地將大眾傳播和人際傳播結合起來,營造了一種全新的“類人際傳播”狀態,因此無論是在傳播的信息量上,在傳播的手段、途徑上,還是傳播的時效性上,主持人傳播都超越了傳統傳播方式。同時,也正是這些優勢使電視主持人傳播存在著與生俱來的弱點:由輕鬆平易帶來的權威性不足,電視特色不甚鮮明以及過分依賴主持人等等,都是影響其發展的致命因素。因此要真正提高主持人傳播的水準,最基本和最首要的辦法便是從主持人這個切口入手。
正如傳統的新聞傳播是由諸多傳播體裁組成的一樣,電視傳播也由形態各異的節目樣式組成。其中,主持人傳播欄目不僅是電視傳播中獨立的一員,也是整個電視傳播節目中不可缺少的組成部分。同時,主持人因為具有大眾傳播和人際傳播相結合的特點,在某種意義上是眾所關注的意見領袖,因此,主持人傳播的份量和影響在某種程度上並不亞于在訪談類節目中某些專家或官員的意見,有時甚至可能超過他們。
無論是獨立的主持人傳播,還是遊走在其他電視傳播中的主持人傳播,其出現都不是偶然的,而是對傳統傳播的繼承和發展。但是,電視畢竟是一種依靠先進的電子技術發展起來的新型媒介,它不可能只是完全停留在繼承傳統媒介的層面上,電視主持人傳播這種傳播節目形態附著在主持人這種節目製作、播出的方式上,主持人是主持人傳播的物質基礎和生存載體,因而,主持人是電視傳播走向成熟的標誌,是提高電視收視率的重要因素,也是增強電視傳播傳播效果的重要因素。當然,主持人對於新聞傳播的促進,很大程度上還在於主持人的知名度和可信度,即明星主持人及其明星效益。偶像、明星在受眾心理上誘發的“名片效應”、“自己人效應”在強化傳播效果上有著不可比擬的作用。所以,要使主持人傳播對社會輿論起到有效的引導作用,主持人不僅要能夠提供好的意見,還必須讓受眾接受和喜歡,並逐漸成長為耀眼的明星。
在當今資訊多元化的世界裏,呼喚個性是我們時代的共識,也只有那些獨具魅力、個性鮮明的東西,才能在眾多的同類事物中脫穎而出,成為被選擇的物件。從這個意義上說,鮮明的個性,既是主持人傳播的本質特徵,也是它的制勝之道。但是,個性又並非飛來之物,而是與共性緊密相聯的。對傳播節目的主持人來說,最能體現其個性和綜合素質的主要是他的人格和學識,即“高尚的道德人格”和“扎實的知識功\底”。
個性雖然來自主持人個體,表面上看起來是屬於主持人自己的事情,但張揚個性卻需要主持人所處的社會為其創造有利的條件和良好的氛圍,其中,適當而靈活的機制是主持人張揚個性的基礎,適當而有效的許\可權是主持人張揚個性的保障,媒介與受眾的寬容是主持人張揚個性的條件。個性的形成,不僅需要節目主持人本身的各項素質過硬,而且需要為其個性的形成和保持提供足夠的存活空間,這並不意味著主持人可以無限地張揚自己的個性。雖然主持人常常是以個人的身份出現,但他卻不是僅僅代表他自己,而是代表著媒介和整個編輯部,因而他的個性理應受到媒介、編輯部乃至各種社會力量的制約。
由於種種原因,主持人傳播在現實中的發展狀況並不盡如人意,甚至面臨著困境。但如果從長遠的觀點來看,主持人傳播這種富有個性化和人格化的傳播不僅不應消亡,而且可能會成為電視傳播發展的某種方向,這是因為:聆聽主持人發表富有見地的傳播,將成為多元化社會裏廣大受眾不可遏制的心理需求;將思想本身作為一種客觀存在融入報導已成了一種新的電視報導精神;新聞傳播向著個性化發展的趨勢已不可逆轉。隨著主持人在電視傳播中的作用進一步突顯,隨著主持人的進一步成熟,主持人傳播節目終將不斷得到完善和發展,主持人的個性化、人格化特徵也將得到進一步的展現。
英文摘要
After 40 years of development, television in China ,which had been the least important means of mass media compared to newspapers and radio, has now become the most prominent and TV communication is gaining independence from newspapers and broadcasting.
In various forms of TV communication, communication by the anchor have special appeal as they not only significantly shortened the distance between the mass media and the news recipients thanks to the fact that an anchor is usually popular, but also creates an atmosphere for virtual interpersonal communications. Therefore, anchor communication makes TV communication more personalized and more target –oriented as it finds a brand new fulcrum between mass communications and interpersonal communications. Anchor communication greatly enhance the effectiveness of TV communication in general.
Anchor communication, as its name implies, is communication that made clear by the anchor. Anchor communication can be devided into two forms –brief spontaneous commending on an event or a paticular social phenomenon, and a special communication, such as talk show and so on. In most cases, the former will go with the screening of news story or a story on a social phenomenon ,while the latter may take the form of an independent program.
Anchor communication, to some extent, is a form of holographic communication, which creats a brand new form of "quasi-interpersonal communication" by effectively combining mass communication and and interpersonal communication. Anchor communication has improved the quality of communication as it tremendously surpasses tradional communication forms such as columns and editor ’s notes in terms of quality of information, means of communication and promptness.
Anchor communication is not only an independent member of the family of TV communication, but also part of other forms of communication. An anchor, who combines mass communication and interpersonal communication, in some sense, can be considered as the "opinion leader" of the society. Therefore, communication by the anchor can be as powerful as opinions of experts and officials, sometimes been more powerful.
Since anchor communication takes the anchor as its carrier and is therefore largely dependent on the anchor, the anchor is essential in improving the effectiveness of anchor communication. The anchor ’s role in improving communication relies largely on the popularity and credibility of the anchor. Therefore, to make anchor communication effective, the anchor must be popular among the viewers. In some sense , the anchor must be a TV personality to assume the role of an authoritative "opinion leader".
A strong, unique personal character of the anchor –-high ethical standards and extensive knowledge—is the core of anchor communication and crucial for the success of this form of TV communication.
The improvement of the personal character of the anchor depends not only on the efforts made by the anchor himself/herself, but also on a flexible mechanism of newsroom management as well as viewers ’ trust and understanding.
In general, the status of anchor communication in China is far from satisfactory. It faces many problems. However, there are reasons to believe that anchor communication will gradually gain strength because communication by the anchor are irresistible psychological demands of TV viewers and the personalization of news communication is an irreversible trend.