誰在近用媒介—初探報紙讀者投書者的文化資本生態
Who gets more chance to access media- Exploring the distribution of cultural capital of newspaper readers ’ articles on the opinion page

鄧宗聖
Deng, Tzong Sheng

本研究的主要目的是探討媒介近用的現況，在我國報紙讀者投書版中，誰近用的機會較多。本研究認為菁英份子較一般民眾有較多近用媒介的機會，因此藉由布爾迪厄（Bourdieu）文化資本的概念，依照報紙投書者的職業，分類投書者歸屬於哪一類團體。
本研究應用了文化資本的概念以及非介入式（unobtrusive methods）觀察法，探索在報紙刊登出文章的投書者，其文化資本的生態分佈。研究以立意抽樣的方式找到研究的樣本母體，樣本母體包括：聯合報、中國時報以及自由時報，再來藉由內容分析法的步驟，根據研究目的，將投書建立系統化可分析的類目，以便進行量化研究，為了避免量化資料遺失了在文化資本階層間的細微差異，因此輔以論述分析的方式，從投書者的論述中尋找。
根據從三報讀者投書版中抽取的393則樣本資料，利用統計分析驗證假設，結果如下：
1.文化資本越高，越有機會近用讀者投書版。
2.擁有較高文化資本的投書者論述較專業的主題，像是政治、國際、教育文化等主題；而文化資本較低者，多論述自身經驗的問題，像是社會問題之類的主題。
3.文化資本較高者比文化資本較低者擁有較大的論述空間。
在論述分析方面，則有以下觀察結果：
1.守門人總是標記投書者的頭銜，為了證明其論述主題與其身分或地位相符，在那個論述時空，被刊登的投書者可能代表了同樣意見或相似意見的人。因為他們的頭銜相符其論述，而有較大的可能進入讀者投書版面進行論述。
2.投書者必須擁有較好的修辭素養去表達他們的意見，有較好的修辭語法使得他們能擁有較多的論述空間，脫穎而出。
本研究結果認為，報紙並沒有注意到文化資本的差異，所以在提供給所有社會成員近用的情況並不理想。因此，本研究建議，報紙應該拿去所有的頭銜，使其能夠恢復沒有偏見的公共論壇，而這也是媒體應該去承擔的責任。

The main purpose of the study is to explore who gets more chance to access the public opinion page in the newspaper. The study considers that the social elite have more opportunity than the average person to access the media in term of issuing opinions. Therefore the study adopts concept of "culture capital" advocated by Bourdieu to classify readers ’ articles by their occupation from the newspapers.
This study uses content analysis to analyse newspaper readers ’ articles on the opinion page. The samples for analysis includes the United daily News the ChinaTimes and the LibertyTimes .The period of the collection is 3 months. In total, there are 393 articles of readers ’ opinion collected for analysis.
According to 393 samples from three newsapapers ’ opinion page. The result of analysis is listed as follows:
1.The higher cultural capital the writers are, the more opportunity their articles will be published by the press.
2.Writers of higher cultural capital tend to focus on such issues as politic, international politics, education and cultural. Writers of lower cultural capital tend to focus on issues such as personal and social problem.
3.Writers of higher cultural capital enjoys larger space than writers of lower cultural capital.
In discourse analysis, this study found :
1.Most writers’ social title are listed in the article, in order to prove their discourse fit with their social status. In such time, such theme, they seem to stand for other people who have the same opinion. Nobody can displace them, because of their fame or title.
2. Writers of higher cultural capital have good rhetoric to express their opinion, which makes them acquire more space to discourse.
The study concludes by arguing that the press fails to provide access to all social members despite their difference of cultural capital. Therefore, the study suggest that social titles should be abandoned in order to restore a bias-free public forum that opinion page is supposed to assume.

2004.06.25

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2004S72.pdf